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Computer Processors 

Computer performance analysis: Computer performance analysis is the study of work flowing through computers with the general goals of improving throughput, controlling response time, using resources efficiently, eliminating bottlenecks, and predicting performance under anticipated peak loads. Benchmarks are used to compare the performance of systems carrying different chips and/or system architectures.

Concurrent, parallel, and distributed systems: Concurrency is a property of systems in which several computations are executing simultaneously, and potentially interacting with each other.[59] A number of mathematical models have been developed for general concurrent computation including Petri nets, process calculi, and the Parallel Random Access Machine model.[60] When multiple computers are connected in a network while using concurrency, this is known as a distributed system. Computers within that distributed system have their own private memory, and information can be exchanged to achieve common goals.

Computer networks: This branch of computer science aims to manage networks between computers worldwide.

Computer security and cryptography: Computer security is a branch of computer technology with the objective of protecting information from unauthorized access, disruption, or modification while maintaining the accessibility and usability of the system for its intended users. Cryptography is the practice and study of hiding (encryption) and therefore deciphering (decryption) information. Modern cryptography is largely related to computer science, for many encryptions and decryption algorithms are based on their computational complexity.

Scientific computing and simulation: Scientific computing (or computational science) is the field of study concerned with constructing mathematical models and quantitative analysis techniques and using computers to analyze and solve scientific problems. The major usage of scientific computing is the simulation of various processes, including computational fluid dynamics, physical, electrical, and electronic systems, and circuits, as well as societies and social situations (notably war games) along with their habitats, among many others. Modern computers enable the optimization of such designs as complete aircraft. Notable in electrical and electronic circuit design are SPICE,[62] as well as software for physical realization of new (or modified) designs. The latter includes essential design software for integrated circuits

Artificial intelligence: Artificial intelligence (AI) aims to or is required to synthesize goal-orientated processes such as problem-solving, decision-making, environmental adaptation, learning, and communication found in humans and animals. From its origins in cybernetics and in the Dartmouth Conference (1956), artificial intelligence research has been necessarily cross-disciplinary, drawing on areas of expertise such as applied mathematics, symbolic logic, semiotics, electrical engineering, philosophy of mind, neurophysiology, and social intelligence. AI is associated in the popular mind with robotic development, but the main field of practical application has been as an embedded component in areas of software development, which require computational understanding. The starting point in the late 1940s was Alan Turing's question "Can computers think?", and the question remains effectively unanswered, although the Turing test is still used to assess computer output on the scale of human intelligence. But the automation of evaluative and predictive tasks has been increasingly successful as a substitute for human monitoring and intervention in domains of computer application involving complex real-world data.